VU VICKY Virtual University Assignment Solution, Past Papers, Handouts and other material

Lecture No.03                  

Lecture Contents:

·         Abstraction

·         Classes

·         Inheritance

·         Major benefits of inheritance (Reuse)

01.1.     Abstraction

Real life objects have a lot of attributes and many kind of behaviors but most of the time we are interested in only that part of the objects that is related to the problem we are currently going to solve, for example in implementing a school system we don’t need to take care of the personnel life of a student or a teacher as it will not effect our system in any way so we will see these objects in the perspective of school system and will ignore their other characteristics, this concept is called “Abstraction”. Abstraction is a way to cope with complexity and it is used to simplify things.

Principle of abstraction:

“Capture only those details about an object that are relevant to current perspective”

Abstraction Example:

Suppose we want to implement abstraction for the following statement,

 “Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students”

Here object Ali has two perspectives one is his student perspective and second is his teacher perspective.

We can sum up Ali’s attributes as follows,

Name Age Student Roll No Year of Study CGPA  Employee ID Designation Salary

As you can see out of all these listed attributes some belong to Ali’s student perspective(Roll No, CGPA, Year of study) and some belong to Ali’s teacher perspective(Employee ID, Designation, Salary).

Similarly we can sum up Ali’s behavior as follows,

Study   DevelopExam GiveExam TakeExam PlaySports Eat DeliverLecture Walk

As was the case with attributes of object Ali, its behavior can also be divided in Ali’s student perspective as well as Ali’s teacher perspective.

Student’s Perspective

Attributes:

- Name                                               - Employee ID - Student Roll No                              - Designation - Year of Study                                  - Salary - CGPA                                               - Age

Behaviour:

- Study                                                - DevelopExam - GiveExam                                        - TakeExam - PlaySports                                       - Eat - DeliverLecture                                 - Walk

Teacher’s Perspective

Attributes:

- Name                                               - Employee ID - Student Roll No                               - Designation - Year of Study                                   - Salary - CGPA                                               - Age

Behaviour:

- Study                                                - DevelopExam - GiveExam                             - TakeExam - PlaySports                            - Eat - DeliverLecture                                - Walk

A cat can be viewed with different perspectives

Ordinary Perspective A pet animal with Four Legs A Tail Two Ears Sharp Teeth

Surgeon’s Perspective A being with A Skeleton Heart Kidney Stomach

A car can be viewed with different perspectives

Driver’s View

Engineer’s View

Abstraction – Advantages

Abstraction has following major advantages,

1. It helps us understanding and solving a problem using object oriented approach as it hides extra irrelevant details of objects.

2. Focusing on single perspective of an object provides us freedom to change implementation for other aspects of for an object later.

Similar to Encapsulation Abstraction is also used for achieving information hiding as we show only relevant details to related objects, and hide other details.

01.2.     Classes

In OOP we create a general sketch for each kind of objects and then we create different instances using this sketch we call this sketch or prototype or map as “class”.

All objects of same kind exhibit identical characteristics (information structure and behavior) however they have data of their own.

Class –Example 1

Consider the objects given below,

·         Ali studies mathematics

·         Anam studies physics

·         Sohail studies chemistry

Each one is a Student so we say these objects are instances of the Student class.

Class –Example 2

Consider the objects given below,

·         Ahsan teaches mathematics

·         Aamir teaches computer science

·         Atif teaches physics

Each one is a teacher so we say these objects are instances of the Teacher class

Class Representation:

we can represent a class using a rectangle as follows,

Class Example: Circle

Class Example: Person

01.3.     Inheritance

A child inherits characteristics of its parents, besides inherited characteristics, a child may have its own unique characteristics

Inheritance in Classes

If a class B inherits from class A then it contains all the characteristics (information structure and behaviour) of class A

The parent class is called base class and the child class is called derived class

Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may have its own unique characteristics

Inheritance – “IS A” or “IS A KIND OF” Relationship

Each derived class is a kind of its base class

Here,

Student IS A Person

Teacher IS A Person

Doctor IS A Person

Here,

Circle IS A Shape

Line IS A Shape

Triangle IS A Shape

Inheritance – Advantages

1. Reuse
2. Less redundancy
3. Increased maintainability

Reuse with Inheritance

Main purpose of inheritance is reuse, we can easily add new classes by inheriting from existing classes.

Select an existing class closer to the desired functionality, create a new class and inherit it from the selected class, add to and/or modify the inherited functionality.